Pilot whales are so named because it was once believed that each observed group was navigated by a pilot or leader. Their Latin name, Globicephala, means ‘round head’, which is one of the main identifying features of the species. The bulbous head and thick curved dorsal fin become even more pronounced in adult males, who become easy to distinguish from females and juveniles. While normally oceanic in their distribution, pilot whales can also approach coastal areas, and are frequently seen on whale watching tours around the world. They are rewarding to watch, as they are generally approachable and impressive in size and behaviour. There are two species of pilot whales: Short finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), which are mainly found in tropical and warm-temperate regions, and long-finned pilot whales (G. melas), which inhabit colder waters and are further subdivided into three sub-species: the Southern long-finned pilot whale (G. m. edwardii), the North Atlantic long-finned pilot whale (G. m. melas), and the now extinct North Pacific long-finned pilot whale (G. m. un-named subsp.)1.
Distribution
Short-finned pilot whales have a mostly tropical and warm-temperate distribution which includes both nearshore and open-ocean waters. Long-finned pilot whales, on the other hand, are found in cool-temperate and sub-polar waters of the Southern Hemisphere but only the North Atlantic and Mediterranean in the Northern Hemisphere. Long-finned pilot whales were previously found in the western North Pacific as well, but appear to be absent there today4. Pilot whales are generally nomadic, but a few resident populations have been identified and studied in different locations. They are apparently attracted to areas with varied depth contours that can be linked with high productivity.2
Short-finned pilot whales are native or seasonally present in the following countries and territories: Angola; Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Aruba; Australia; Bahamas; Bangladesh; Barbados; Belize; Benin; Bermuda; Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (Saba, Sint Eustatius); Brazil; Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; Cameroon; Canada; Cape Verde; Cayman Islands; Chile; China; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Colombia; Comoros; Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Cook Islands; Costa Rica; Côte d'Ivoire; Cuba; Curaçao; Djibouti; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; Fiji; French Guiana; French Polynesia; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Guam; Guatemala; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; India; Indonesia; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Jamaica; Japan; Kenya; Kiribati; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Liberia; Madagascar; Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak); Maldives; Martinique; Mauritania; Mauritius; Mayotte; Mexico; Micronesia, Federated States of ; Morocco; Mozambique; Myanmar; Namibia; Nauru; New Caledonia; New Zealand; Nicaragua; Nigeria; Niue; Northern Mariana Islands; Oman; Pakistan; Palau; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Peru; Philippines; Pitcairn; Portugal; Puerto Rico; Réunion; Russian Federation; Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Martin (French part); Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Samoa; Sao Tomé and Principe; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Singapore; Sint Maarten (Dutch part); Solomon Islands; Somalia; South Africa; Spain; Sri Lanka; Suriname; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Togo; Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago; Turks and Caicos Islands; Tuvalu; United States; Vanuatu; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Viet Nam; Virgin Islands, British; Virgin Islands, U.S.; Wallis and Futuna; Western Sahara; Yemen
Long-finned pilot whales are native or seasonally present in the following countries and territories: Algeria; Argentina; Australia; Belgium; Bouvet Island; Brazil; Canada; Chile; Denmark; Falkland Islands (Malvinas); Faroe Islands; France; French Southern Territories (Crozet Is.); Germany; Gibraltar; Greenland; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; Iceland; Ireland; Italy; Libya; Malta; Mauritania; Morocco; Namibia; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Peru; Portugal (Azores, Madeira); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; South Africa (Marion-Prince Edward Is., Western Cape); South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Spain; Sweden; Tunisia; United Kingdom; United States; Uruguay; Western Sahara
Biology and Ecology
Feeding
Social structure, reproduction and growth
Like Killer whales and sperm whales, pilot whales form stable family and social groups of 20-100 individuals. These groups are based on matrilineal lines – meaning that calves stay with their mothers through adulthood. Unlike sperm whales, young male pilot whales do not leave their maternal group to seek mating opportunities, but instead stay with their maternal group for life. It is thought that males gain the opportunity to mate with females outside their own family groups when multiple pilot whale groups come together in large aggregations2,7.
Female pilot whales reach sexual maturity at the age of 8-9 years, while males are a bit later at 12-17 years. Gestation is estimated to be 12 months for long-finned pilot whales and 15-16 months for short-finned pilot whales. Calves nurse for at least three years, and perhaps even longer, even after they have started eating a solid diet. Females tend to reproduce up to the age of 40, but can continue nursing and caring for other females’ calves for up to 15 or 20 years after they stop producing calves themselves2. Males have shorter life-spans, usually living only 35-45 years2.
Research, threats and conservation
Resident populations of pilot whales, such as those off the Canary Islands, Madeira, and Hawaii can be studied using photo-identification. Individual pilot whales are photographed and recognized over time by the unique nicks and scars on their dorsal fins, allowing researchers to monitor individual’s movements and life histories over time. Scientists also use a host of other research techniques including satellite tagging, acoustics, and genetics to study this species and learn about their long-range movements, population identity and communication.
Natural Predators and strandings
There is no documentation of predators taking pilot whales, although it is likely that killer whales or large sharks target the species from time to time8. Pilot whales are the species most often involved in mass strandings throughout their range, with several well-documented incidents that have given rise to various theories about the cause of mass strandings. These theories include accidents in navigation that lead animals to unexpectedly shallow waters9, anomalies in the earth’s geomagnetic fields caused by solar storms10, or impaired navigation in diseased individuals that lead the rest of the group astray. The latter theory was discredited to a certain extent by genetic analysis of stranded pilot whales that showed that whales that stranded together were not often closely related11.
Human-induced threats
Like virtually every other species of whale or dolphin, pilot whales are susceptible to entanglement and bycatch in fishing gear, and have been documented as bycatch in pelagic drift gill nets, pelagic long lines and some trawl fisheries3. Short finned pilot whales are known to be the subject of bycatch in several fisheries in the North Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and the SW Atlantic12,13. Long-finned pilot whales are also subject to bycatch in various fisheries in the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and off the southern coast of Brazil4.
As top predators, pilot whales also suffer from the bioaccumulation of contaminants such as heavy metals and organichlorines contaminants in their tissues3,14, which can may have serious long-term impacts on health and reproduction.
Conservation status
Pilot whales’ strong social bonds and herding instincts make them prime candidates for so-called drive fisheries, where they are herded towards shore by many boats and then killed in shallow waters. Long-finned pilot whales used to be hunted this way in Newfoundland (Canada), Cape Cod (USA) Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Ireland, Scotland and the Falkland Islands. Currently the only remaining active pilot whale drive fishery is in the Faroe Islands, although a hunt continues in Greenland as well4,15.
Short-finned pilot whales are hunted in drive fisheries off the coast of Japan, and are also subject to takes off St. Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia, Indonesia and the Philippines12,16-19. Although both Long-finned pilot whales and short-finned pilot whales are abundant in many parts of their range, there is some uncertainty about their taxonomy. It is likely that populations grouped under one species now may actually represent multiple species or sub-species, which would be seriously impacted by some of the known threats in their region. However, where they have been studied, populations seem to be abundant, and both species are designated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species4,12. Long-finned pilot whales are listed under Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS).
Pilot whales and whale watching
Please see the IWC Whalewatching Handbook
References
Show / Hide References
- Committee on Taxonomy, List of marine mammal species and subspecies. Society for Marine Mammalogy, www.marinemammalscience.org, consulted on 11 October 2017. 2017.
- Olson, P.A., Pilot Whales, Globicephala melas and G. macrorynchus, in Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, W. Perrin, B. Wursig, and J.G.M. Thewissen, Editors. 2009, Elsevier: San Francisco. p. 847-852.
- Olson, P.A., Pilot Whales, Globicephala melas and G. macrorhynchus, in Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, B. Würsig, J.G.M. Thewissen, and K.M. Kovacs, Editors. 2017 Academic Press, Elsevier: San Diego. p. 701-705.
- Taylor, B.L., et al., Globicephala melas, in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008, http://www.iucnredlist.org/det... Consulted on 9 October 2017.
- Jefferson, T.A., M.A. Webber, and R.L. Pitman, Marine Mammals of the World: a Comprehensive Guide to their Identification. Second Edition. 2015: San Diego: Academic Press.
- Werth, A., A kinematic study of suction feeding and associated behavior in the long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas (Traill). Marine Mammal Science, 2000. 16(2): p. 299-314.
- Cañadas, A. and R. Sagarminaga, The northeastern Alboran Sea, an important breeding and feeding ground for the long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Mammal Science, 2000. 16(3): p. 513-529.
- Baird, R.W., False Killer Whale, Pseudorca crassidens, in Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, W. Perrin, B. Wursig, and J.G.M. Thewissen, Editors. 2009, Elsevier: San Francisco. p. 405-406.
- Chambers, S. and R. James, Sonar termination as a cause of mass cetacean strandings in Geographe Bay, south-western Australia. Proceedings of ACOUSTICS 2005, 2005: p. 9-11.
- Vanselow, K.H., et al., Solar storms may trigger sperm whale strandings: explanation approaches for multiple strandings in the North Sea in 2016. International Journal of Astrobiology, 2017: p. 1-9.
- Oremus, M., et al., Genetic Evidence of Multiple Matrilines and Spatial Disruption of Kinship Bonds in Mass Strandings of Long-finned Pilot Whales, Globicephala melas. Journal of Heredity, 2013. 104(3): p. 301-311.
- 1Taylor, B.L., et al., Globicephala macrorhynchus, in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008, http://www.iucnredlist.org/det... Consulted on 9 October 2017.
- Mignucci-Giannoni, A.A., et al., Cetacean strandings in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. 1998. p. 1-8.
- Gajdosechova, Z., et al., Possible link between Hg and Cd accumulation in the brain of long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas). Science of The Total Environment, 2016. 545-546: p. 407-413.
- NAMMCO. Report of the Meeting of the Management Committee for Cetaceans, March 2018. 17 (North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission Tromsø, Norway, 2018).
- Kasuya, T. Small Cetaceans of Japan: Exploitation and Biology. 476 (CRC Press, 2017).
- Fielding, R. & Evans, D. W. Mercury in Caribbean dolphins (Stenella longirostris and Stenella frontalis) caught for human consumption off St. Vincent, West Indies. Marine Pollution Bulletin 89, 30-34, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marp... (2014).
- Emont, J. in The New York Times Vol. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/03/world/asia/whaling-lamalera-indonesia.html Onlne (New York, New York, 2017).
- Mustika, P. L. K. Marine Mammals in the Savu Sea (Indonesia); indigenous knowledge, threat analysis and management options BSc(Hons) Thesis thesis, James Cook University, (2006).
- Jensen, F. H. et al. Vessel noise effects on delphinid communication. Marine Ecology Progress Series 395, 161-175 (2009).
